Artemisia (Artemisia annua) Qinghao:

Although many Westerners might recognize this plant by the name Sweet Annie or Sweet Wormwood, Qinghao was described in 2737 BC by the Blazing Emperor Shen Nong, in one of the oldest herbal books known. In traditional Chinese medicine, Artemisia annua has been widely used to treat autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematoses (SLE) and RA. It was traditionally prescribed for “summer heat’ or inflammatory conditions which worsen in the hot summer months. Even its name ‘wormwood’ was most likely chosen for its observed ability to destroy parasites.

With the isolation of a novel compound named artemesinin, as well as its derivatives (artesunate and artemether), Qinghao has gained attention for its ability to treat drug resistant malarial strains, and it has been embraced by the World Health Organization as a breakthrough in preventing this deadly scourge. Since 1979, both Qinghao and artemesinin have been used in the treatment of SLE, with claimed positive effects in recent clinical trials.The dose of artemesinin that has been used clinically for SLE has ranged from 0.2-0.6 grams per day; this corresponds to a dose of qinghao of about 2030 grams, the same as used to treat malaria. Treatment time is typically about 3 months. Qinghao has also been applied in treatment of discoid lupus and was deemed to be a useful therapy. Modulatory effects of Artemisia annuaextracts on human complement, neutrophile oxidative burst and proliferation of T lymphocytes may explain its effect on autoimmune disease. Research suggests that Qinghao extracts could modulate both cellular and humoral response. Artemisia may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases via an immune-modulatory effect. In addition, many healthcare practitioners are using Qinghao as adjunctive care for borelliosis due to the spirochete that is linked to the development of Lyme disease, and the several co-infections accompanying Lyme and other tick-borne illnesses.

Sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.):

Sarsaparilla grows throughout the world, with the tropical varieties found in the Caribbean, South America, Mexico, and Central America being most prized for their medicinal value. Sarsaparilla is particularly useful for illness caused by spirochetes, such as syphilis, leptospirosis and Lyme disease. In fact, it was included in the United States Pharmacopoeia as a treatment for secondary syphilis. Sarsaparilla contains plant steroids like sarsasapogenin, smilagenin, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and pollinastanol, and saponins including sarsasaponin, smilasaponin, sarsaparilloside, and sitosterol glucoside.The majority of sarsaparilla’s pharmacological properties and actions have been attributed to these steroids and saponins.

In China, the herb has been used in combination with other botanicals for syphilis and leptospirosis. Zampieron et alhave experienced excellent clinical success using sarsaparilla for patients with Lyme disease. A protocol developed by Zampieron and Kamhi combines Jamaican or Honduras sarsaparilla (4:1 solid extract), tetracyclic oxidonle alkaloid (TOA), free cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa), standardized olive leaf extract, Qinghao, and a combination of Chinese botanicals (including Lonicera Japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralenisi, Dictamnus dasycarpi, Portulacae oleraceae, Taraxacum mongoli, and Dipsacus japonica). These herbs are used as part of a comprehensive holistic protocol to address the ravages of Lyme disease.

Saponins (found in sarsaparilla) emulsify and bind to endotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, aiding in their elimination.Many illnesses, including RA psoriasis, gout, and acne have been associated with increased levels of endotoxins. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of sarsaparilla for arthritis is linked to its ability to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activation.

Indian Sarsaparilla Vine (Hemidesmus indicus):

Indian sarsaparilla vine is not a true sarsaparilla, but is actually a close family member of American Milkweed and European Pleurisy Root. It is traditionally used for snakebites, chronic skin diseases, and autoimmune illnesses such as RA. The active chemical constituents of this plant include coumarins and triterpenoid saponins, which act as oxygen radical scavengers and immune modulators while protecting kidneyand liver function. Hemidesmus down-regulates the activity of pro-inflammatory agents (interferons, interleukins, prostaglandins) and other immune cells (T and B cells, antibodies, cytokines) involved in the inflammatory process, and acts as a powerful tissue protective anti-oxidant.

Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma spp.):

Reishi mushroom has been called the “mushroom of immortality.” A member of the Polyporacae family, it is commonly found growing in a shelf-like form on decaying trees. Ancient Chinese medical texts list it as an immune regulator, with calming, pain relieving action, which “tonifies the blood”.In traditional Chinese medicine, the main function of blood is to nourish the body, moisten the body tissues and “anchor the mind”. If the blood is “deficient”, it cannot provide physiologically adequate nutrition, which manifests in generalized fatigue, paleness, dry skin, anxiety and mental restlessness. These symptoms are treated by “tonifying” the blood (i.e., by boosting the nutritive capacity of the blood).

While illnesses such as cancer and viral infections may require an increase in immune function, allergic reactions and autoimmune disease call for a down-regulation of the immune system. Reishi mushroom is a true “amphoteric” herb, which can up regulate or down regulate the immune system as needed. Reishi mushroom is rich in polysaccharides, immune-modulating proteins, and steroidal saponin glycosides that influence the adrenal-hypothalamic-pituitary axis feedback loop, which regulates inflammation. An amphoteric protein isolated from Ganoderma (called Ling Zhi-8) was shown to be both mutagenic (causing white blood cells to multiply) and immunosuppressive (reducing TNF-alpha and the formation of antibodies) in autoimmune disease. In another study, Ganoderma showed significant effects on modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 after 24 weeks. This may exert a beneficial immune-modulatory effect in patients with RA.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera):

Ashwagandha is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medical system of India. Ashwagandha is akin to Ginseng in other parts of the Orient. Both herbs are touted for their longevity-enhancing and sexual stimulant properties; however, Ashwagandha is considered to be milder than Ginseng. It is an ingredient in many formulations prescribed for a variety of musculoskeletal conditions (e.g., arthritis and rheumatism), and as a general adaptogen used to increase energy, improve overall health, and balance pathological states. It is credited to enhance longevity, prevent adrenal exhaustion, balance hormones in men with andropause, and prevent convalescence in the elderly. Ashwagandha has been comprehensively analyzed, and a plethora of chemical components have been identified. Some of the biologically active chemical constituents are alkaloids (isopelletierineanaferine), steroidal lactones (withanolides, withaferins), saponins (sitoindoside VII and VIII) and withanolides, as well as a generous amount of iron, calcium, and other elements.

Ashwagandha can be applied externally as a topical analgesic. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition is one of the mechanisms for the herb’s antiarthritic properties.In animal studies, Ashwagandha’s anti-inflammatory effects were comparable to those of hydrocortisone.In vitro studies suggest that Ashwagandha has anti-inflammatory properties that may protect against cartilage damage in OA. Human clinical trials on OA patients using a combination herbal formula inclusive of Ashwagandha, report positive effects. Although human clinical trials on RA study subjects are sparse in the literature, in vitro studies illustrate that the effect of an Ashwagandha tincture (crude ethanol extract) exhibited ant-inflammatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial fluid mononuclear cells of RA patients. In one study, the extract was shown to significantly suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-12p40, but had no effect on IL-6 production at the protein and transcript level. Withania somnifera is an immune amphoteric, both stimulating immune response in low immune states and exerting an immunosuppressive action on B and T cell activity in hyper-immune/autoimmune states.

Nettle (Urtica dioica):

Nettle is often called Stinging Nettle with good reason—as anyone who comes in contact with it will attest! The leaves of Urtica dioica have been used as a medicine and food since ancient times. “Nettle” originated from the Anglo-Saxon word ‘netel’ or ‘noedl’, meaning ‘needle’.It refers to the tiny needle-like hairs of the plant. These hairs are coated with formic acid, histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, and cause a localized swelling and rash when touched. The history of nettles in treating the pain and swelling of arthritic conditions focused on its topical use. Patients would rub the stingers of the plant directly over the painful joint and experience an analgesic (pain relieving) effect. Scientific studies have replicated this ancient practice with significant success. In a randomized controlled double-blind, crossover study, patients with osteoarthritic pain in the thumb or index finger applied stinging nettle leaf to the painful area daily for one week. The effect of this treatment was compared with that of the placebo, dead nettle leaf and a non-stinging nettle variety. After one week’s treatment with stinging nettle, score reductions on both pain and disability were significantly greater than with placebo.

Stinging nettle is also useful for arthritis when taken orally. This action may be due to nettle leaf’s ability to lower the level of the inflammatory compound TNF-alpha in the body. Nettle leaf alters the genetic transcription of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB), thereby decreasing inflammation of synovial tissue in the joints. Nettle leaf extract also had a suppressive effect on the development of dendritic cells that stimulate T-cells to release inflammatory chemicals. This may contribute to the therapeutic effect of nettle leaf extract on T cell mediated inflammatory diseases like RA. There are various preparations of nettle “leaf” extracts on the market. These are not to be confused with the standardized Nettle “root” extracts used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa):

A popular Chinese root, Rehmannia glutinosa has shown promise in bringing balance to aggressive autoimmune states. It is referred to in Chinese medical literature as Shen or Shu Di Huang, which is used as blood and kidney (adrenal) yin tonic. Studies have shown that this herb possesses both immune-enhancing and immune-suppressant effects. This dual activity may render Rehmannia glutinosasuperior to Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), which can suppress the immune system so much so that they increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

Modern pharmacological research has isolated various components in Rehmannia, which may be responsible for its adrenal tonifying, immune-modulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects.Rehmanniaalso reduces allergic reactions by decreasing histamine release caused by TNF-alpha activity on mast cells.Rehmannia, like most TCM herbs, is almost always used in a time-honored formulation with other items from the TCM pharmacopoeia. One classic TCM formula (“Ren Shen Yang-Rong Tang”) contains Rehmannia, ginseng, dong quai, atractylodes, hoelen, licorice, astragalus, cinnamon, schizandra, citrus, and polygala. This formulation has been shown in mice to regulate the Th1 and Th2 imbalance often seen in autoimmune diseases.

Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis):

Scutellaria baicalensis or Chinese skullcap (often referred to as Scute) is also known as Huang Qin in the traditional Chinese Materia Medica. It is one of the most widely used herbs in oriental medicine. It has an expansive range of therapeutic effects (including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and amphoteric effects) on the immune response. The active ingredients found in Scutellaria baicalensis include natural anti-inflammatory flavonoids and flavones. The flavonoids baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, have potent anti-oxidant properties.

Scutellaria baicalensis displays anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NOS (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), NFkB and I-kappaB-alpha as well as inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha.This is achieved through the down-regulation of I-KK-alpha-beta, I-kappaB-alpha, NFkB activation. Other studies have illustrated this herb’s effect on the inhibition of the 5-LO pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Research has illustrated the effectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis in treating gout (urate-crystal induced arthropathy) and inflammation in animal models. Chinese skullcap diminished MSU crystal-induced inflammation by reducing neutrophil recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory factors and increasing the level of the potentially anti-inflammatory prostaglandin D2. In a double-blind human study, a proprietary mixture of baicalin from Chinese skullcap and catechins, two anti-inflammatory flavonoids, was tested against a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), naproxen, for the management of the signs and symptoms of moderate OA in humans. In this double-blind study, 103 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either the proprietary mixture of flavonoid molecules (baicalin and catechin, referred to as flavocoxid), 500 mg twice per day or naproxen 500 mg twice per day in a 1-month onset of action trial. In this short-term study, flavocoxid was found to be as effective as naproxen in controlling the signs and symptoms of OA of the knee and that it may present a safe and effective option for those individuals on conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 inhibitors. At a therapeutic dose of 2-6 grams per day, Scutellaria baicalensis has little known toxicity. In fact, Flavonoid, given 250 mg twice per day combined with a catechu extract known as flavocoxid given 250 mg twice per day for 12 weeks did not cause side effects more frequently than placebo. However, one report has linked Baikal skullcap to pneumonitis; if administered intramuscularly, Baikal skullcap has been linked to fever and a sudden drop in the leukocyte count.

Boswellia (Boswellia serrata):

Boswellia serrata is a tree gum extract that has been shown to inhibit Th1 cytokines and promotes Th2 cytokines, which helps to reverse the imbalance of Th1 and Th2 that increases inflammation.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis):

Among its many healing attributes in both traditional folklore and scientific literature, Camellia sinensis has also been shown to inhibit IL-1.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale):

Zingiber officinale has been shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase pathways. Ginger’s high concentration of proteolytic enzymes (zingibain) are partially responsible for its ability to subdue pain and inflammation. Proteolytic enzymes block the action of several inflammatory substances, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Ginger has been shown to decrease pain in arthritis.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa):

Curcuma longa is a bright yellow herb used in preparing curry. It has powerful anti-inflammatory properties, which are credited to a chemical component, curcumin. Research suggests that Turmeric suppresses NFkB and interleukin-8, while enhancing glutathione biosynthesis. Turmeric also inhibits NFkB activation.

White Willow (Salix alba):

Salix alba is used in anti-inflammatory formulas, and has been found to inhibit lipoxygenase.

Stephania (Stephania tetrandra):

Stephania tetrandra (called “Han-Gang-Ji in Chinese medicine”) has an extensive record of medicinal use for inflammation, inflamed and swollen joints, and a variety of disorders involving the kidneys and cardiovascular system. By relaxing both the smooth and skeletal muscle, and inhibiting fibrosis (painful scar tissue deposition in muscles), Stephania relieves the pain and stiffness associated with rheumatic ailments, and fibrotic and inflammatory conditions (e.g.,fibromyalgia). The active component, tetrandrine, has been used to treat patients with silicosis (an autoimmune disease of the lungs triggered by silicone dust), RA, and hypertension. Tetrandrine has a wide variety of immune-modulating effects, including inhibiting TNF alpha, as well as the formation of anti-Type 2-collagen antibodies, which are directly responsible for the destruction of cartilage and tissue destruction in autoimmune arthritis.

Chinese Thunder God (Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F):

In remote areas of southern China, the Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) vine grows wild; it has been used for 2000 years in traditional Chinese medicine.Clinical trials have found that TW is effective in treating autoimmune diseases including RA ankylosing spondylitis,and other types of arthritis.TW contains glycosides, which have immune-suppressing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. This herb has been found to have a wide array of immunosuppressive chemical constituents which accounts for the many mechanisms of action that are effective against arthritis and inflammation. These include inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, and blocking TNF-alpha, COX-2, and NFkB activities.

While the results are promising, the use of TW also entail side effects. Adverse reactions include skin rashes, dry mouth, poor appetite, menstrual disturbances in women and hormonal disturbances in men. Researchers have also found that TW causes a temporary reduction of sperm count and have begun to develop a male contraceptive drug from the plant’s active ingredients. Importantly, fertility is restored upon cessation of use. The side effects of TW are reduced when administered in combination with other Chinese herbs, or when the outer bark of the roots are extracted without the inner wood of the roots. Because of the possibility of serious side effects, TW should be used only under the care of a licensed health-care professional.